Berlin Wall Photos

[Jim O]

These are some photos of the Berlin Wall from early on. Some sections, as you'll see, are only barbed wire at the time of construction.

[Jim O]

And a few more...

[Klaus]

This wall makes me sick. I can't stand the sight of that thing.

[Jim O]

It could also have happened in Austria as it was subject to occupation by the "four powers" in zones with Vienna controlled by all four (as you know - this is for people who do not).

[Dani]

Originally Posted by Jim O

It could also have happened in Austria as it was subject to occupation by the "four powers" in zones with Vienna controlled by all four (as you know - this is for people who do not).

...but acoording to the agreement of the four, for Central and Eastern Europe, Austria and Greece were saved by the communist plague.

[Jim O]

Stalin didn't necessarily honor his agreements. In fact, he had set up a government in Austria, in the Soviet zone of occupation, and the other Allies stood up to him and refused to recognize it. That time he blinked and allowed elections.

In the Soviet occupied eastern half of the country, the Soviets asked Karl Renner, a Socialist leader, to form and head a provisional government whom the Soviets believed they would be able to manipulate. Renner recruited the leaders of the three nonfascist parties and established a city administration in Vienna in early April 1945.

On 27th April 1945, the provisional government issued a decree nullifying the Anschluss and reestablishing an independent, democratic Republic of Austria. The formation of the provisional government in the Soviet-occupied part of Austria surprised the Western Allies and they declined to recognise it, fearing a Soviet puppet government. As political figures became active in the western occupied sectors of Austria, the Soviet allow the provisional government to establish contact with them.

In early July 1945, the Allies agreed the borders dividing the country into the occupations zones, which had not been set beforehand unlike those of Germany. Vienna's city center came under four power control, but the remainder as divided into specific occupation zones. The Allied Council held ultimate authority in Austria, each power was represented by its Zonal commanders. Each power had the power of veto on decisions of the council.

The council first met in early September of 1945, but the Western Allies continued to decline to recognize the Renner government. Soon after, the government met in Vienna with parties from all the occupation zones. The representatives agreed to national elections and the provisional government expanded to accommodate national representatives. Due to these moves, the Allied Council recognized the government on 20th October 1945.

On 25th November 1945 the first national elections since 1930 were held, the Nazi party was banned from participating and the nationalist camp was sharply curtailed by this.

The Austrian People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei/ÖVP) gained 50% and eighty-five seats in the Nationalrat, Socialist Party of Austria (Sozialistische Partei Österreichs/SPÖ) received 45% and seventy-six seats and the Communist Party of Austria (Kommunistische Partei Österreichs/KPÖ) received 5% of the vote and four seats.

The government preserved the three-party coalition with the distribution of cabinet seats adjusted, the KPO received only the Ministry for Electrification. Renner was elected to the position of President of the republic, although this was largely ceremonial.

In 1946 a new control agreement was agreed between the four powers, weakening the Allied influence on Austria as it became apparent that Austria was pursuing a democratic route. The allied members veto power over Austrian legislation was replaced with the need for a unanimous vote by the council to reject any legislation. Agreements between one of the occupying powers and Austria would not be subject to a veto, but constitutional laws required the approval of the Allied council. All others laws would take effect in 31 days unless rejected by the council.

Between 1946 and 1953 the Austrian government implemented more than 550 laws over the objection of the Soviet Union. One such measure was the Soviet seizure of German assets in July 1946 as war reparations. To protect the Austrian economy the Austrian government nationalized all German assets, but when the Soviet Union attempted to veto the nationalisation law it was overruled by the western allies. This did not prevent the Soviet Union from seizing assets in its occupation zone.

The Soviet Union attempted to block Austria's participation in the Marshall Plan and the KPO pulled out of the government over the issue. However, 1946 Control Agreement enabled Austria to freely sign up to the plan and also join the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.

In 1955, the State Treaty was sign which restored Austria's sovereignty and ended the Allied occupation. The country effectively became a neutral, much like Switzerland. Negotiations began in January 1947 and in 1948 the Soviet Union dropped its support for Yugoslavian claims against Austrian territory. In 1953, after Stalin died, the Austrian government sought to break the stalemate by proposing Austrian neutrality between the western and eastern military blocs. The Indian ambassador to Moscow acted as an intermediary between Austria and Moscow and the Soviet Union continued to insist that the fate of Germany be decided first.

In February 1955, the Soviet Union became willing to settle the Austrian question. Fours day or intense Austrian-Moscow negotiations produced a draft treaty based on Austrian neutrality. The Western Allies accepted, but grudgingly as they feared this would become a model for Germany and objected to a proposed four-power guarantee of Austrian neutrality, which they feared would allow Soviet intervention in Austria. This proposal was dropped under strong Western opposition.

The final treaty, signed on 15th May 1955 forbade unification with Germany or restoration of the Habsburgs and provided safeguards for Austria's Croat and Slovene minorities. Austrian neutrality and a ban on foreign military bases in Austria were later incorporated into the Austrian constitution by the Law of 26th October 26 1955. 40,000 Soviet troops in Austria were withdrawn by late September and the small number of Western troops that remained were withdrawn by late October 1955.

Source: The Allied occupation of Austria

And while Stalin did not actively support the communists during much of the Greek Civil War, his then ally Tito did.

[Dani]

Originally Posted by Jim O

Stalin didn't necessarily honor his agreements. In fact, he had set up a government in Austria, in the Soviet zone of occupation, and the other Allies stood up to him and refused to recognize it. That time he blinked and allowed elections.

I was talking about percentage agreement.

The notorious 'percentages agreement' during Churchill's visit to Moscow in October 1944, which divided up south-east Europe into spheres of influence, epitomised Churchill's preference for settling international matters on a senior, personal and informal basis.

Foreign & Commonwealth Office Churchill and Stalin

Or you didn't heard of?

[Dani]

Part 3: Churchill's Case for Liberating What He Could - The Churchill Centre

Geoffrey Roberts. Beware Greeks Gifts: The Churchill-Stalin «Percentages» Agreement of October 1944.

You could imagine how they discussed about the Austria...

Edited: At Postdam:

VII. AUSTRIA.

The Conference examined a proposal by the Soviet Government on the extension of the authority of the Austrian Provisional Government to all of Austria.
The three governments agreed that they were prepared to examine this question after the entry of the British and American forces into the city of Vienna.
It was agreed that reparations should not be exacted from Austria.

The Avalon Project : A Decade of American Foreign Policy

[Jim O]

I am aware of that. But Potsdam was after the war in Europe was over and the Renner government had already been set up in Austria by the Soviets. The "percentage agreement" was an informal one between Churchill and Stalin and perhaps more an acceptance of the likely status quo after the war, what with Soviet troops "liberating" most of the Balkans and central Europe. To my knowledge neither Roosevelt nor Truman signed on to this agreement. As for Greece, I'm not certain what motivated Stalin to "keep his word" (seeing as he failed to do so in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, etc) but perhaps it was the knowledge that Tito was supporting the communists there. In fact it was Tito's split from Stalin that caused a great rift among the communists in Greece and ultimately led to their loss in the civil war.

The fatal blow to the KKE and the DSE, however, was political, not military. In June of that year, the Soviet Union and its satellites broke off relations with Prime Minister Tito of Yugoslavia, who had been the KKE's strongest supporter since 1944. The KKE thus had to choose between their loyalty to Stalin and their relations with their closest and most important ally. Inevitably, after some internal conflict, the great majority of them, led by Zachariadis, chose Stalin. In January 1949 Vafiadis was accused of "Titoism" and removed from his political and military positions, being replaced by Zachariadis.

After a year of increasing acrimony, Tito closed down the Yugoslavian border to the guerrillas of DSE in July of 1949 and disbanded their camps inside Yugoslavia. The DSE could still operate from Albania, but to the DSE that was a poor alternative. The split with Tito set also off a witch-hunt for "Titoites" inside the Greek Communist Party, leading to disorganisation and demoralisation within the ranks of DSE and decline of support of KKE in urban areas.

At the same time, the National Army found a talented commander in the face of General Alexander Papagos. In August of 1949, Papagos launched a major counter-offensive against the DSE forces in northern Greece, code-named "Operation Torch". The plan was a major victory for the National Army and resulted in heavy losses for the DSE. The DSE army, could no longer able to sustain resistance in a set-piece battle. By September of 1949, most of its fighters had surrendered or escaped over the border into Albania. By the end of the month, the Albanian government, presumably with Soviet approval, announced to KKE that it would no longer allow the DSE to perform military operations from within Albanian territory. On October 16, Zachariadis announced a "temporary cease-fire to prevent the complete annihilation of Greece." That treaty marked the end of the Greek Civil War.

Source: Greek Civil War at AllExperts

It may also have been that Stalin was relatively satisfied with the "buffer" of client states that he had created, and simply did not want to oppose the British troops in Greece. It is safe to assume, however, that he would not have been disappointed had a communist regime come to power in Greece.

Back to the original comment, I still believe that if Stalin could have gotten away with it, he would have forced the Renner government on all of Austria and made Austria a Soviet satellite state.

[temujin77]

Thank you for posting the pics, particularly the Checkpoint Charlie pic. I have a former coworker who was an enlisted man in the US Army who guarded Checkpoint Charlie in the late 70s and every so often I'd hear stories about that from him. It's good to have a visual of what it looks like.